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Following the publication of U.S. and Ukraine-Europe’s proposed frameworks for resolving the Russia–Ukraine conflict in April 2025, and under pressure from Washington on both Kyiv and Moscow, the two sides agreed to launch direct negotiations in Istanbul on 15 May.

In late August 2025, US President Donald Trump held a summit in the White House Oval Office with the Republic of Korea (ROK) President, Lee Jae Myung. The encounter was not just an ordinary, regular meeting between the heads of state of the US and the ROK, the country being a long-time valued and stalwart US ally. It was seen by many as a crucial interaction for the recently elected South Korean leader.

In the final year of World War I, The Supreme Allied Commander was the French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, who is generally considered as the military leader most responsible for the Allied victory in the conflict. He was a disciple of the Napoleon school of military thought, was sometimes compared to the famous French military genius and upon his death was buried next to Napoleon himself at Les Invalides in Paris.

After more than two and a half years of war, Putin’s military had been consuming artillery rounds and other materiel at a rate that was well above the normal production tempo of Russia’s domestic ammunition suppliers.

By pushing for a rushed peace in Ukraine, the U.S. administration risks stabilizing the Russian regime and undermining Western credibility, security, and leverage for years to come.

The ORKA program, along with other technical modernization efforts, should not be viewed merely as an initiative to acquire modern submarines for the Polish Navy. It also represents a unique opportunity to revitalize Poland’s industrial base. This paper—the concluding entry in a series of analyses examining the ORKA program—shifts focus from hardware specifications and strategic imperatives to the institutional and technological implications for domestic shipbuilding.

The publication by the Government of the Republic of Poland of a new Migration Strategy for 2025–2030 (hereinafter: Migration Strategy), adopted by a resolution of the Council of Ministers on October 15, 2024, not coincidentally came six months after the European Union adopted a set of 9 legal acts appearing under the name of the European Union Pact on Migration and Asylum. Poland opposed many of the Pact’s proposed legal acts at the stage of negotiations (2020–2023) and remains opposed to them after their adoption by a qualified majority in the EU Council.

Plans to restart nuclear power plants scheduled for demolition have sparked a new trend in the US nuclear power industry. Technically sound, long-lived nuclear power plants are being officially decommissioned and then subjected to extensive safety analysis and modernization for their restart. The analysis and modernization work is financed in part by loans provided by federal authorities, and guarantees of success are provided by long-term contracts for the sale of electricity.

Satoshi Nakamoto introduced a revolutionary payment system in 2008, allowing direct transactions between two parties without the need for intermediaries such as banks. Although the system has gained lasting popularity, not all of its creator’s assumptions have been preserved. The crypto market began to be monitored not only by central banks, but also by other regulators responsible for enforcing consumer rights and regulations to ensure financial market stability.

Given Poland's fundamental role in the defense of NATO's eastern flank, the new submarines will help secure key trade and communication routes, as well as Poland's strategic interests in the Baltic Sea.

As of 2025, the transatlantic realm is under sustained assault not through open warfare, but through a diffuse, coordinated campaign of cognitive erosion and covert disruption. Russian and Belarusian intelligence services have deployed a hybrid strategy that merges sabotage, terrorism, psychological manipulation, and narrative infiltration into a long-term frame- work of destabilization of the West. The aim is to fragment trust, fracture resilience, and corrode collective sense-making both within NATO states and across the alliance itself. This is not a campaign to seize territory, but one designed to induce fragmentation of societies, establish antagonistic groups that destabilize states from within, and weaken the cognitive defenses of societies – one perception at a time.

The report presents a forward-looking framework for combining strategic procurement with industrial renewal. It shows how, through targeted collaboration with experienced international partners, Poland can not only field a modern submarine fleet but also cultivate an innovation-driven maritime ecosystem—strengthening long-term economic resilience and national autonomy.

From the perspective of Poland’s presidency in the Council of the European Union, key issues relate to Sino-Russian cooperation in the context of Russia’s war in Ukraine, particularly regarding the amplification of Russian narratives by Chinese media and activities in cyberspace.

Fourth and the last NorPolFactor report takes a closer look at the role of Norway and Poland in transatlantic and European security communities.

As geopolitical tensions rise, Poland and Norway are emerging as key players in Europe's security landscape. Poland, a NATO frontline state, is bolstering its defense with strong U.S. and European partnerships, while Norway focuses on Arctic and maritime security, working closely with allies like the UK and Nordic states.

The events of 2022-2024 period have necessitated a transformation of the EU’s approach, shifting its emphasis from normative influence to a geopolitical strategy prioritizing security and regional stability.

Poland’s primary objective is to support Ukraine’s EU accession without risking destabilization by extensive treaty reform, balancing enlargement aspirations with the need for a resilient, cohesive Union.

On October 21, 2025, Sanae Takaichi, a conservative politician representing the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), became the new Prime Minister of Japan. The new prime minister faces a number of challenges related to the country’s political and economic situation, as well as the stabilization of her own party.

On 9 January 2024, the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) approved the proposal of opening parts of the Norwegian sea to mineral activities, marking the beginning of the exploratory stage of deep sea mining (DSM) on the Norwegian continental shelf [1]. Eleven months later, however, the operations were abruptly stopped, as the Socialist Left Party of Norway (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) threatened the refusal of the government budget for 2025 [2]. This seemingly minor event triggered a larger, albeit not necessarily well-publicised conversation: what actually is deep sea mining, and why does it matter?

Remote and small island communities face unique energy and climate challenges stemming from their geographic isolation. Their reliance on imported fossil fuels leaves them vulnerable to price volatility and supply disruptions. Although their carbon footprint is minimal, these islands disproportionately experience the adverse effects of climate change. Increasingly, islands become testbeds for geopolitical rivalry and are compelled to adapt to situations when critical infrastructure is weaponised.

On June 24–25, 2025, a meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of heads of state and government was held in The Hague. The NATO summit was largely overshadowed by the United States’ military operation in Iran, and its agenda was relatively narrow. Despite concerns, however, a compromise on military spending was achieved, and the cohesion of the Alliance was maintained.

Nuclear energy has long been a pillar of Sweden’s energy mix, although its significance has been diminishing due to divergent policies towards nuclear energy. In recent years, the debates regarding nuclear energy have intensified as the Swedish government, led by the Tidöpartierna coalition, has undertaken a bold reversal of the earlier nuclear phase-out policy. This analysis synthesises the historical, political, scientific, and economic dimensions of Sweden’s evolving nuclear landscape while highlighting the diverse views of political parties and the broader implications for energy policy.

The incident involving the Falcon 9 rocket, whose fragments fell on Polish territory in February 2025, has become a symbol of the new challenges associated with the exploration of low Earth orbit. Although no one was harmed, the event highlighted that the rapid development of satellite technologies brings not only benefits but also significant risks. In a world where outer space is becoming a battleground for global economic and technological competition, Poland too must take a stance and actively participate in shaping new rules for its governance.

The Russian army’s attacks have severely damaged Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, leaving its citizens barely able to survive due to energy cuts and severely limited resources like running water.

On 4 August 2025, an international group of scientists, technologists, diplomats, and international law experts issued the Potsdam Call on Autonomous Weapon Systems.

Grand strategy aligns a nation’s military, diplomatic, economic, and technological resources to achieve long-term international objectives. France’s grand strategy, shaped by a historical pursuit of global influence and independence, balances leadership in European defense with a role as a global mediator.

A timely breakthrough at the July 2025 New York United Nations meeting marks a new era for global cyber governance, anchored in international law and multilateral cooperation.

In recent years, artificial intelligence has become one of the most important areas of strategic competition between nations. Europe, although still catching up with the U.S. and China, is taking steps to build its own technological sovereignty in this domain. Among European countries, France has emerged as the frontrunner, showcasing an ambitious AI policy that combines public investment, talent development, support for startups, and an ethical approach to technology.

In a surprise decision, LOT Polish Airlines have shunned their long-time supplier, Brazil’s Embraer, and have instead signed a massive order for the Airbus A220 to fill the company’s regional jet fleet requirement. 

Romania's ambition to be a pillar of Euro-Atlantic stability in the Black Sea region is at risk of unraveling under a presidency defined by MAGA-style nationalism and regional isolationism.

On April 30, 2025, the governments of the United States and Ukraine signed the Agreement on the Establishment of a United States–Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund (“Agreement”). While publicly framed as a post-conflict development initiative, the Agreement should be more accurately understood as a layered instrument of geopolitical positioning and geoeconomic restructuring.

The fight against climate disinformation has been recognised by the Ministry of Climate and Environment as one of the priorities of the Polish Presidency of the Council of the European Union. This topic will be discussed during the meeting of the EU Environment Council (ENVI), which will take place on April 28–29.

In this context, there is great potential in Polish-French cooperation, which on one hand can strengthen the capabilities of both countries, and on the other, inject energy into European cooperation in the field of defence.

The results of the first round in Romania’s last week presidential elections shocked Europe after the unexpected rise of Călin Georgescu, a far-right candidate with a blatant anti-Western discourse that appeared suddenly in the national political landscape.