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Satoshi Nakamoto introduced a revolutionary payment system in 2008, allowing direct transactions between two parties without the need for intermediaries such as banks. Although the system has gained lasting popularity, not all of its creator’s assumptions have been preserved. The crypto market began to be monitored not only by central banks, but also by other regulators responsible for enforcing consumer rights and regulations to ensure financial market stability.

Given Poland's fundamental role in the defense of NATO's eastern flank, the new submarines will help secure key trade and communication routes, as well as Poland's strategic interests in the Baltic Sea.

The fall of al-Assad's rule and the takeover of control over most of Syria by Sunni extremists hostile to Iran is therefore an irreversible end to Iran's flagship geopolitical project.

EU and Ukraine's collaboration enhances security for both, with joint ventures driving technological advances and aligning Ukraine's defence standards with NATO.

For every €1 invested in renewables, there is a return of €3 to €8—making RES one of the most lucrative public investments for CEE countries.

In highly industrialized CEE countries, there is widespread fear of job loss due to decarbonization and public anxiety over potential economic hardships.

Belarus and Russia have used migration as a geopolitical weapon, testing EU and NATO defenses while amplifying societal division and exploiting human rights concerns.

Hungarian society's negative view of Ukraine stems from top-down disinformation by Russia and Hungary's government, exacerbating fear and eroding empathy.

Cyber threats in CEE target critical infrastructure and public trust, making a comprehensive defence strategy essential.

Ukraine’s Armed Forces have been battling the Russian invasion on land, at sea, in the air and in cyberspace since February 24 2022. Despite the disparity of forces that is obvious to all analysts, Ukraine did not collapse in the first weeks of the war, and over time has even been tempted to regain some of the territories lost in the initial phases of the conflict.

On February 24, 2022, Russia extended its armed aggression against Ukraine, unleashed in 2014 with the illegal annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and with the temporary occupation of certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

The maritime environment has invariably remained a key facilitator in all kinds of globalisation processes for hundreds of years. Humanity has entered a new level of development of socio-cultural, economic, political and military relations because of the possibility of efficient use of waterways.

NATO was founded as an organisation bringing together twelve countries, eleven of which had direct access to the sea, most of which being strongly sea-oriented. This maritime orientation is, with the North Atlantic as its geographical centre, also reflected in the alliance’s name (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). However, over time (mainly after the end of the Cold War), its structure has changed significantly with the welcoming of numerous countries from Central and Eastern Europe. Still, not least due to its transatlantic nature, large parts of the Alliance’s activities remain focused on the maritime domain.

We, the representatives of the Casimir Pulaski Foundation, the Antall József Knowledge Centre, EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy and  the Slovak Security Policy Institute; have the privilege of presenting to you a special report, wtitten by sixteen   senior defence experts and entitled “The V4 towards a new NATO Strategic Concept and the EU Strategic Compass”. The document is a summaryof  a broader project entitled: “Returning to the roots of the Visegrad cooperation – coordinating V4 strategy towards NATO Strategic Concept and European defence autonomy” that is supported by the International Visegrad Fund.

In any economic analysis of Nord Stream 2 the first question to be considered is the actual cost of the project. Over the last couple of years, a variety of publications have provided widely differing cost projections. The recent data suggest that Nord Stream 2 capital investment will reach €9,5-10 billion.

At the Warsaw Security Forum 2018 the Casimir Pulaski Foundation presented three new reports: „European offensive in defense sphere – EDF, PESCO and CARD”, „From Newport to Brussels – NATO adaptation to the Russian threat” and „Balance Sheet of U.S. Allies and Implication for Alliance Policy”. All reports are available on the Pulaski Foundations websites.

According to the National Security Strategy (NSS) of the Trump administration published in December 2017, today’s world is getting more competitive. The US and its allies are facing growing political, economic, and military competitions around the world. Two revisionist states, China and Russia, are challenging US prosperity and superiority as well as the liberal international order. The NSS also pointed out that strong relationships with allies are invaluable in order for the US to magnify its power and respond to the growing political, economic, and military competitions.

For almost two years the European Commission and a group of most influential Member States (such as France, Germany and Italy) have been pushing the development of new initiatives in area of defense. The presentation of the Global Strategy of the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy in June 2016 marked a major milestone in this area.

On July 11 and 12 the North Atlantic Council meeting was held, on the Head of States and Governments level. It has been the third summit since illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia and its support of separatists in Eastern Ukraine, what caused a rise in tensions between NATO and Russia. That in turn has shown the need for implementing new defense and deterrence measures to reassure the countries located on the Alliance’s Eastern Flank.

On 9 January 2024, the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) approved the proposal of opening parts of the Norwegian sea to mineral activities, marking the beginning of the exploratory stage of deep sea mining (DSM) on the Norwegian continental shelf [1]. Eleven months later, however, the operations were abruptly stopped, as the Socialist Left Party of Norway (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) threatened the refusal of the government budget for 2025 [2]. This seemingly minor event triggered a larger, albeit not necessarily well-publicised conversation: what actually is deep sea mining, and why does it matter?

Remote and small island communities face unique energy and climate challenges stemming from their geographic isolation. Their reliance on imported fossil fuels leaves them vulnerable to price volatility and supply disruptions. Although their carbon footprint is minimal, these islands disproportionately experience the adverse effects of climate change. Increasingly, islands become testbeds for geopolitical rivalry and are compelled to adapt to situations when critical infrastructure is weaponised.

On June 24–25, 2025, a meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of heads of state and government was held in The Hague. The NATO summit was largely overshadowed by the United States’ military operation in Iran, and its agenda was relatively narrow. Despite concerns, however, a compromise on military spending was achieved, and the cohesion of the Alliance was maintained.

Nuclear energy has long been a pillar of Sweden’s energy mix, although its significance has been diminishing due to divergent policies towards nuclear energy. In recent years, the debates regarding nuclear energy have intensified as the Swedish government, led by the Tidöpartierna coalition, has undertaken a bold reversal of the earlier nuclear phase-out policy. This analysis synthesises the historical, political, scientific, and economic dimensions of Sweden’s evolving nuclear landscape while highlighting the diverse views of political parties and the broader implications for energy policy.

The incident involving the Falcon 9 rocket, whose fragments fell on Polish territory in February 2025, has become a symbol of the new challenges associated with the exploration of low Earth orbit. Although no one was harmed, the event highlighted that the rapid development of satellite technologies brings not only benefits but also significant risks. In a world where outer space is becoming a battleground for global economic and technological competition, Poland too must take a stance and actively participate in shaping new rules for its governance.

The Russian army’s attacks have severely damaged Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, leaving its citizens barely able to survive due to energy cuts and severely limited resources like running water.

Joe Biden has been doubling down on efforts to increase deterrence against China, including working hand in hand with US partners and allies. The USA has been progressing in all aspects of cooperation, from military drills to joint contingency planning.

The PRC’s Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping has amassed more power than anyone since Mao, but is it a viable model for his nation’s future? He has demolished the leadership model established by Deng Xiaoping, but what has he replaced it with?

Poland is rapidly increasing the size and capability of its Armed Forces. Uniformed personnel are one part of a Whole Force mix. Commander-led action will be needed urgently to turn the rhetoric of the ‘Whole Force’[1] into a military/industry reality

Navigating between the desire to join the European Union but not recognising Kosovo and not joining the sanctions against Russia, Aleksandar Vučić appears to be the choice of the majority of Serbs.

Time will of course show how events will unfold. Top priority is still about choosing the best candidate for the job – it trumps all other considerations. But I remain convinced that all 31 Allied governments have an interest in seriously considering a qualified (condition sine qua non) candidate from a CEE country.

At the end of the day, there is much that the international community should and can do to help. Strong political, geopolitical, economic, and moral reasons exist for offering it. But it is equally true that Armenia must first help itself.

United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1325, adopted unanimously on October 31, 2000, revolutionized peace and security efforts

The military in all 31 Allied nations (and Sweden) are right now implementing the unprecedented tasks (set to them by the July Vilnius summit) which go to the core of NATO’s raison d’etre: keeping Allied territory safe and secure during the time of the biggest aggression in Europe since 1945

Fascination with Russian culture and history has too many times been confused with having an understanding for Russia’s imperialist policies, disguised as justified interests in the so-called zone of influence.

The capital of Slovakia, even less so that of Moldova, is not used to the role of a location that produces big headlines on strategic issues of European politics. But this is exactly what happened in the last few days. President Macron chose the GLOBSEC conference in Bratislava to deliver a timely and important vision of political changes that he believes need to be applied in Europe. Then, almost fifty leaders met in Chisinau for the summit of the recently inaugurated European Political Community initiative.

Information on the principles and objectives of Poland’s foreign policy (the so-called exposé), delivered by Poland’s Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau on April 13th, points at the strategic vacuum that Warsaw has been in.